Archive for November, 2006

Does Our Future Require Star Trek Technology?

Thursday, November 30th, 2006

By David L. Brown

Well, Stephen Hawking is at it again, with a prediction that humankind “will need to venture far beyond planet Earth to ensure the long-term survival of our species,” according to a story in The Telegraph (here). Hawking has spoken before on this subject, warning earlier this year during a trip to China that the Earth could turn into another Venus with temperatures of 400 degrees Celsius that would make all life impossible.

According to the Telegraph report today:

Returning to a theme he has voiced many times before, the Cambridge University cosmologist said today that space-rockets propelled by the kind of matter/antimatter annihilation technology popularised in Star Trek would be needed to help Homo sapiens colonize hospitable planets orbiting alien stars.

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Internationally known cosmologist Stephen Hawking.

Prof. Hawking, who is confined to a wheelchair with motor neuron disease, MND, was commenting using a muscle below his right eye to operate – via a switch on his glasses – his voice synthesizer. He spoke to a press conference prior to the presentation of Britain’s highest scientific award, the Royal Society’s Copley Medal, previously granted to Charles Darwin, Michael Faraday, and Albert Einstein.

Surprisingly considering his health profile, Hawking expressed a desire to personally travel into space, suggesting that Sir Richard Branson’s SpaceShipOne program could be used to take him for a brief trip beyond the atmosphere.

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A Review of the Novel that Inspired This Site

Wednesday, November 29th, 2006

Note: Following is a book review by Paul Dellinger which appeared on the leading science fiction web site Yellow 30 Sci-Fi. Our thanks to Paul and Yellow 30 for their excellent piece, which we reproduce here with their permission. — David L. Brown

The Star Phoenix

by David L. Brown

ISBN: 1425713033
Paperback / 344pp
ISBN: 1425713041
Hardcover / 344pp
Pub. Date: June 2006
Publisher: Xlibris Corporation

The Star Phoenix by David L. Brown is one surprising science fiction novel.

It is practically an article of faith in the SF field, at least in stories dealing with space, that humankind will eventually find a way around the light barrier or take a generations trip to colonize planets around other stars. But the emphasis in Brown’s story is that we need to straighten things out on Mother Earth first.

The story is set on an Earth devastated by global warming and other trends about which we have been warned. The population bomb has exploded, and only one out of every 1,000 people managed to survive what has come to be called Calamity. A starship, the Star Phoenix, is stranded in orbit unable to take off on its maiden voyage to other star systems.

But now that ship has become a symbol, and one group of people is determined to restore its capabilities and use the ship to transport some of the survivors of Calamity to another star with a planet which, hopefully, can be terraformed to at least accommodate their descendants. Young Jed Allen, who has been trained to be a star pilot, is one of this group. So is Tristan Hunter, a “Newbie” (New Biologic Entity) created in a laboratory and looking more like a hybrid of several animals than a human, but possessing the gift not only of speech but intelligence. He is actually one of Brown’s more charming characters. Calamity may have set back some branches of science, but genetic engineering is not one of them.

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Ethanol: The Smell of (easy) Money

Wednesday, November 29th, 2006

by Val Germann

The recent Thanksgiving holiday took this writer back to his hometown in north-central Missouri, and right past the new corn-ethanol plant near Malta Bend. I stopped this time to take a photograph since it was such a nice, sunny day. A brand-new shiny ethanol plant, set down in the middle of a giant corn field right next to a rail line, looks exactly like the photo below.

#2 photo of ethanol plant

This photograph was made in the morning, the day after Thanksgiving, and the wind was blowing over my shoulder toward the plant. The air was clear and clean. However, when I drove past this plant again, that same evening, the wind had shifted about 180 degrees! The odor from this facility, resembling that of Peach Ripple wine (don’t ask me how I know!) was powerful even inside our van (!) moving at about 60 miles per hour! The little town of Malta Bend, with a school, is about a mile away. I wonder what it’s like there when the wind is right?

At this moment I was reminded of an incident from my childhood when I was visiting a relative who had large hog breeding operation. On the day I was there the wind was out of the northeast, sending the smell of the hog lot over and into the house. When I asked what the smell was my uncle said, “That’s the smell of money!” And so it was.

Today, that Peach Ripple smell is the smell of money, lots of money, including a lot of public money coming from government subsidies, as we have reported here. That particular “smell of money,” easy money, is going to become more and more prevalent over time.

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Lovelock of Gaia Fame Sounds New Warning

Tuesday, November 28th, 2006

By David L. Brown

One of the most controversial figures in environmental affairs has long been James Lovelock, the British author and scientist who introduced the Gaia theory. More a metaphor than an actual scientific theory, Gaia posits the idea that the Earth itself, along with all of its biological, physical, and chemical complexity, can actually be viewed as a living organism. As metaphor it provides a powerful way to view our planet and its interactions with and reactions to human beings, which might be seen as a kind of metaphorical cancer that is actively disrupting and destroying the delicate balance of the Earth just as a real cancer consumes and kills its host.

Lovelock is not optimistic about the future of our planet, as revealed in his writings over the years. His most recent book describes our planet as sick and possibly terminally ill. (For a sampling, read my post “‘Revenge of Gaia,’ a Modern Horror Story,” posted July 23, a review of his book.)

Like many environmentalists, Lovelock has long been marginalized by nay-sayers who do not want to admit that climate change is a real and growing threat to the very foundations of civilization. Alas, with each passing year his warnings seem less unlikely, as evidence mounts that global warming is real, that it is gathering strength, and that humankind is in dire danger.

Now Lovelock has issued his warning anew, more stridently and with greater assurance than ever. Last night he gave the Fifth John Collier Lecture to the Institution of Chemical Engineers in London, in which he said: “There is very good evidence of what happened 55 million years ago when as much carbon dioxide was put into the atmosphere by geology as is being done by us now. Temperatures zoomed up by 8 degrees [Centigrade] and stayed there for 200,000 years then came back to normal.”

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James Lovelock, originator of the Gaia Theory.

Never one to pull punches, Lovelock’s address was no exception to his outspoken advocacy of the Earth and ever more serious warnings of dire dangers ahead as human activity continues to pump carbon into the atmosphere and contribute in other ways to the spreading illness with which we are afflicting our Mother Earth. A story in today’s edition of the British newspaper The Daily Mail (here) reports of Lovelock’s address:

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Climate Danger and the U.S. Federal System

Sunday, November 26th, 2006

by Val Germann

How often in U.S. history have the various states gone to the U.S. Supreme Court asking the Federal Government to assume more power?  The answer is not very often, as Star Phoenix Base readers can imagine.  However, in a few days the State of California will join with a dozen other states in arguing before the Court for more Federal regulation of carbon dioxide emissions.  More specifically, the states will be asking that emitted carbon dioxide be defined as air pollution under the Clean Air Act.  It is not so defined today.

The cause of this effort on the part of the states is an industry counterattack on proposed new auto exhaust regulations slated to take effect in California in a few years.  For a generation the land of the freeway has led the nation in envronmental lawmaking and much of what is now Federal Law started its run in California.  The state continues in that leadership role today and is attempting to tighten emission requirements for automobiles, as the Los Angeles TIMES reported yesterday.  Below is the first of a few selected quotes from the TIMES article:

Four years ago, California adopted stricter rules. The state Legislature declared its intent to “achieve the maximum feasible and cost-effective reduction of greenhouse gas emissions” from motor vehicles. These standards for new cars and trucks are to take effect in 2009.

The basis for this was a special provision in the Clean Air act, one that acknowledged the special problems of the Los Angeles area, nation’s leader in bad air. 

Because of California’s notorious smog problem, Congress permitted the Golden State to adopt stricter exhaust standards for cars and trucks under a special provision in the federal air pollution laws of the 1970s. 

The problem now revolves around some of those “greenhouse gases” like carbon dioxide, which are the product of all oxidation, including that which goes on inside our own bodies.  The current Clean Air Act and EPA guidelines do not directly state that CO2, even that from auto exhaust pipes, is ”air pollution” and on that basis the Bush Administration has refused to take direct action to regulate it.  It’s also on that basis that the auto makers are taking court action.

The legality of California’s new vehicle emission standards remains in doubt. They must be approved by the EPA. But the agency has yet to do so, mostly because of its view that carbon dioxide and other greenhouse gases are not air pollutants under the Clean Air Act.  The automakers have sued to block California’s rules, citing the EPA’s stand 

And so it is that California is going to court, to the U.S. Supreme Court, arguing that CO2 emitted from auto exhaust is air pollution and so can and must be regulated. 

What will the court decide?  No one knows.  But the result will be of great importance, for several reasons.  First, if the CO2 emitted from automobiles is not air pollution, and not able to be regulated here in the U.S., that will doom any significant government action to reduce U.S. emissions of greenhouse gases.  This is so because methane, the second most important greenhouse gas, is a “natural” substance just like CO2. 

Will common sense prevail at the Supreme Court?  Perhaps.  However, this writer is not holding his breath waiting for a good outcome from that particular quarter of Foggy Bottom. 

**

The Downside of Declining Population Numbers

Saturday, November 25th, 2006

By David L. Brown

The root of most of the environmental problems we presently face — and many of the social, political and health dangers as well — lies in the fact that the world’s population has been allowed to grow too fast and too far. In fact, it is becoming clear even to the most stubborn naysayers that the Earth cannot much long sustain the number of humans presently alive. (For example, see my essay “Humanity’s Heavy Footprint on Mother Earth,” posted October 23.)

It is fine and even noble to seek solutions to growing environmental problems through expedients such as reducing carbon emissions, developing alternative fuels, preserving the rain forests, and all the many other ideas that have been presented. However, unless population numbers are reduced through one means or another, none of the other scenarios have much chance of succeeding.

We have written before about this problem and the fact that in some developed nations population numbers already are falling through the fact that adults are deciding to have fewer children. This effect is particularly apparent in Europe, where nations such as Italy, Spain, France and Germany are experiencing birthrates below the threshold necessary to sustain their populations of native peoples. (That this has led to inflows of non-Italian, non-Spanish, non-French and non-German immigrants is not the subject of this essay although that fact bodes ill for the future of the national cultures of those nations. For more on that subject, see my essay “Are White Europeans an Endangered Species?” posted on May 7.)

But it is not only Europe that faces this difficult transition — less developed nations are, or certainly will in the not-so-distant future, be presented with the challenge of surviving in a period during which the world population will peak and begin to decline. As a show-and-tell item on this subject, here is an interesting graph that shows the population profile of Iran, a nation whose birthrate has been in decline for several decades, as it stood last year and as it will be in 2050 according to United Nations projections:

spengler-iran-pop.jpg

What makes this graph interesting is the almost mirror image of the two curves. The recent population numbers indicate a large percentage of young people in the 19 to 34 year age range. Numbers for children and teenagers are significantly lower, indicating the decline in birth rates. When we look at the solid graph for 2050, we see that the profile is substantially different, with the largest number of individuals in the range of 64 to 74 years. The numbers of children, teenagers and adults up to about age 50 are estimated to be substantially lower than today. There is an interesting correlation between the number of Iranian youth in the 9- to 19-year-old bracket today and the dip in the future curve that bottoms out at the 59-year level, which exactly reflects the present 14-year-old cohort projected 45 years into the future.

We can conclude from this that the peak in the 2050 curve is also a projection 45 years into the future of the present population, in this instance the cohorts for 19- to 34-year-olds who will in 2050 be 64- to 79-year-olds.

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Climate Change Off the G20 Agenda

Monday, November 20th, 2006

by Val Germann

Believe it or not, the energy and climate future of planet Earth was most likely determined over the weekend as Melbourne, Australia hosted the G20 finance meetings.  In spite of dire warnings and growing public concern, the leaders of world finance, the people with serious economic clout, refused to even consider the climate issue.  However, as was reported yesterday on the TERRADAILY website, the G20 announced that they had:

. . . reached an agreement on ensuring energy and commodity markets could meet demand from the world’s emerging economic giants 

In other words, business as usual, with bells-on, because these “emerging economic giants” are consuming fossil fuels at enormous and ever-increasing rates.  These increases threaten to drive atmospheric carbon dioxide to higher and ever-higher levels, perhaps unleashing a “runaway greenhouse effect,” as has been discussed here before. 

The response to all of this by the money men, those with true and long-lasting economic power, is to ignore the problem completely, to “pass the buck,” as it is sometimes said.  And it is simply a fact, one well known to Star Phoenix Base readers, that without support from the top, and adequate finances, nothing important can ever get done.  After this last weekend no one should be holding their breath waiting for concrete action on climate change.  Our readers may draw their own conclusions from the following quote:  

The Australian Treasurer had said before the meeting that climate change would be a major part of the agenda, including discussion on market mechanisms to reduce emissions, such as carbon trading.  But South African Finance Minister Trevor Manuel said the economists had decided climate change was beyond their remit and decided to leave the issue to environment ministers.

The entire sorry story can be read in the TERRADAILY article

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A Vignette from the Book that Inspired This Site

Sunday, November 19th, 2006

Following is an excerpt from the book that inspired this web site. Between each chapter of this exciting novel of the near future appears a brief vignette that helps to explain how climate change and social upheaval brought civilization to an abrupt end in the world of the near future in which the book is set. These include fictional excerpts from books and articles, news reports, personal accounts or diaries, and even a poem of lament. We will occasionally post selected examples of these vignettes for our readers. You may also like to read the first chapter of the book, which is posted in the sidebar under “Pages.” To enjoy all of the “Phoenix Archives” pieces, and the exciting adventure story to which they relate, click on the advertisement at the right to order your copy of The Star Phoenix.

FROM THE PHOENIX ARCHIVES

“Calamity,” as it has come to be known in common parlance, was not a single event. In fact, the process of ecological and social breakdown had proceeded for centuries before reaching its climax in the devastating combination of cascading disasters that nearly wiped out the human race and destroyed much of the Earth’s ecosystem.

Looking back with the false wisdom of hindsight, it is clear that the Englishman Thomas Malthus was correct in warning in his 1798 “Essay on the Principle of Population” that the growth of human numbers would eventually exceed the ability of the planet to produce sufficient food. By the late 1900s, this process was beginning to take place everywhere.

And yet, even then and despite the warning bells and sirens, little heed was paid to the specter of over-population and its ramifications for the future of the human race—and indeed, for the very planet itself. Economists clung to the flawed assumption that alternatives would always be found for any depleted resource. Politicians ducked the issue and gave lip service to “democracy” and “freedom” as millions starved and resources steadily dwindled or were wasted and destroyed.

Perhaps most important, scientific farming methods and the so-called “Green Revolution” created the illusion that the Earth could always provide. But all that did was to postpone the tragedy and allow human numbers to grow even larger.

There were many setbacks along the dismal road that led to Calamity—the Great Pandemic of 2017, total civil breakdown in large parts of Africa, widespread famine in the Asian subcontinent—these are only examples of the many warning signals. And yet, despite those warnings, little of substance was done to stave off the eventual breakdown…

Source: “The Roots of Calamity,” an unpublished manuscript from the Refuge files; dated 2078, by Aaron Sikes, Ph.D. (2022-2085). Dr. Sikes served with distinction as official historian of the Star Phoenix project.

EDITOR’S NOTE: As readers of this website may know, I have recently learned more about Thomas Malthus and by reading his book on population have learned that he did not actually predict that population growth would destroy the planet (see my essay, “Malthus’s Classic “Essay on Population” Revisited,” posted October 29, 2006). Interestingly, he believed that natural forces would keep population and the ability of the Earth to produce food in balance, and presented the doomsday scenario with which he is unfairly credited as a thought experiment for the purpose of demonstrating its impossibility. He was not aware of the ecological principle of “overshoot and collapse” through which a population can far outstrip its environment’s ability to sustain it, leading to catastrophic collapse. At this time it is believed that the human race has reached the position of being in overshoot, and that collapse may soon occur. This is illustrated in my book by the event I call Calamity. — David L. Brown

BMW Launches an “H-Bomb”

Saturday, November 18th, 2006

By David L. Brown

Just ask an expert on alternative fuels — someone with impeccable credentials in the field such as George Bush or Arnold Schwarzenegger — and they will tell you that hydrogen fueled vehicles are the undisputed wave of the future. Governor Arnold even promised at one time to convert one of his many ecologically friendly Hummer vehicles to burn hydrogen gas. Way to go Arnold! And George Bush has variously stated that hydrogen, switchgrass, and perhaps even fairy dust could solve all of our energy problems.

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And this is all completely true, as the BMW company has demonstrated with the introduction of the Hydrogen 7 automobile in Germany, a luxury car designed to run on liquid hydrogen. According to an article in the Spiegel International Online web site in Germany (here), this amazing harbinger of the future features a 12 cylinder 260 horsepower engine that can run on either gasoline or hydrogen gas. Several gas stations in Germany have been adapted to supply the liquid hydrogen gas.

So is there a glorious and efficient hydrogen future in store for us? Well, maybe not, because the BMW does have a few little problems that consumers may find troublesome. To put things in perspective, here are some facts about the Hydrogen 7 as reported by the Spiegel website and based on BMW’s specifications:

  • Running on gasoline, the car will consume an average of 13.9 liters (3.7 gallons) per 100 kilometers (roughly 17 miles per gallon). Switch to hydrogen and you will consume a whopping 50 liters to drive the same distance.
  • Liquid hydrogen must be kept extremely cold, below -423 degrees F in fact, so BMW has fitted the Hydrogen 7 with a “thermo-tank” designed to hold liquid H as well as regular gasoline. The tank takes up half the trunk but can only hold eight kilograms (17.6 lbs) of the extremely light hydrogen fuel—barely enough for a 200 kilometer (124 mile) trip.
  • Another little problem: even the best insulation system can’t keep the liquid H cold forever, so some of it is always evaporating and must be released. Park your car for just nine days and you will discover that half the tank load has gone missing.

Hmm, doesn’t sound particularly appealing after all does it? But economy isn’t everything, so we must ask whether this amazing new vehicle is environmentally friendly, or as the Europeans like to say, green? Well, perhaps not. According to the Spiegel article:

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Memories of Milton Friedman

Friday, November 17th, 2006

By David L. Brown

In the Spring of 1969 — gosh, could that actually be 37 years ago! — I had the rare pleasure of spending a half hour in conversation with the great economist Milton Friedman in his office on the University of Chicago campus. Friedman, who died yesterday in San Francisco, was known as the leading proponent of monetary and price theory that drove the Reagan and Thatcher revolutions. He won the Nobel Prize in economics in 1976.

I was able to share a bit of time with this famous man as a result of having an assignment to photograph him for a magazine. (I don’t even remember the name of the publication, but at that time I was covering Chicago for McGraw Hill World News as a freelance.) My memory of Friedman has lingered all these years because I found him to be a warm and human personality. It took only a few moments to shoot a roll or two of Tri-X with my Leica rangefinder cameras, but then instead of dismissing me, Dr. Friedman invited me to sit down for a chat. Thus my half hour of conversation with this already-famous man.

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Nobel Prize winning economist Milton Friedman

I had recently returned from a trip to Europe, and we discussed current events on the Continent and in particular (surprise!) the monetary news concerning the German Mark, Swiss Franc, and British Pound. Friendly and warm, Friedman appeared to treat me almost as an equal, listening politely to my (no doubt simplistic) comments and responding with patience and apparent interest. It was a fine feeling to have engaged in conversation one-on-one with this renowned economist.

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